這是(shi)經濟關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)表現(xian)(xian),公(gong)(gong)平(ping)應(ying)該是(shi)經濟和(he)社(she)會領(ling)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體和(he)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)等(deng)。馬克思在(zai)《哥達綱領(ling)批評(ping)》中(zhong)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu):資(zi)產(chan)主(zhu)義者(zhe)不(bu)是(shi)斷言今天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分配(pei)是(shi)‘公(gong)(gong)平(ping)’的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗎(ma)(ma)? 它(ta)不(bu)是(shi)今天生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)模式今生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)模式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)‘公(gong)(gong)平(ping)’分配(pei)嗎(ma)(ma)? 經濟關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)是(shi)由法律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)調整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),而(er)(er)不(bu)是(shi)相反(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),法律關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)是(shi)由經濟關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗎(ma)(ma)?[4]恩(en)格斯認為:平(ping)等(deng)不(bu)僅應(ying)該是(shi)膚淺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),不(bu)僅應(ying)該在(zai)國(guo)家領(ling)域實(shi)施(shi),而(er)(er)且還(huan)應(ying)該在(zai)社(she)會和(he)經濟領(ling)域實(shi)施(shi)。[5]公(gong)(gong)平(ping)具(ju)有(you)(you)歷(li)史(shi)特征,不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)時期(qi)和(he)社(she)會發展階段(duan)對公(gong)(gong)平(ping)有(you)(you)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理解和(he)理解,沒有(you)(you)永(yong)恒(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)。恩(en)格斯在(zai)《住宅問題》中(zhong)批評(ping)了蒲(pu)魯(lu)東(dong)主(zhu)義所倡(chang)導的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)永(yong)恒(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)概念(nian),指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)永(yong)恒(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)概念(nian)不(bu)僅因(yin)地而(er)(er)異(yi),而(er)(er)異(yi)。
20世紀80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)末至90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai),中國提(ti)出并(bing)堅持效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)第一(yi)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)分配(pei)(pei)原則。在此期間,隨著經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)快速增長,地(di)區、行業和(he)居民之間的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)入(ru)差距不斷擴大,達到(dao)了(le)威脅社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)諧穩定的(de)(de)(de)警(jing)戒線水平(ping)。[7]中央高度重(zhong)視(shi)這一(yi)點。在2002年(nian)(nian)(nian) 中國共產黨(dang)(dang)第十(shi)六次全(quan)(quan)國代(dai)表大會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)報(bao)告中,提(ti)出了(le)第一(yi)次分配(pei)(pei)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)和(he)再(zai)分配(pei)(pei)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)。事實上,它在一(yi)定程度上重(zhong)新定義(yi)了(le)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)邊界,并(bing)將(jiang)兩者放(fang)在了(le)同樣重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)位置。[8]2005年(nian)(nian)(nian),《中共中央關(guan)于制定十(shi)一(yi)五規劃的(de)(de)(de)建議》特別提(ti)出了(le)更(geng)加重(zhong)視(shi)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping),使全(quan)(quan)體人(ren)民共享(xiang)改(gai)革發展成果。2007年(nian)(nian)(nian),中共十(shi)七屆全(quan)(quan)國代(dai)表大會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)報(bao)告進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)關(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping),明確(que)提(ti)出第一(yi)次分配(pei)(pei)和(he)再(zai)分配(pei)(pei)應(ying)(ying)處理效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系,然后分配(pei)(pei)應(ying)(ying)更(geng)加關(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping),從而改(gai)變效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)優先和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)指導方針。2012013年(nian)(nian)(nian) 年(nian)(nian)(nian),進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)指出了(le)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)。黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)八屆三中全(quan)(quan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)將(jiang)實現(xian)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)正義(yi)作為改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點。2014年(nian)(nian)(nian),習近平(ping)在《把思想統一(yi)到(dao)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)八屆三中全(quan)(quan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)精神上來(lai)》中指出:蛋糕(gao)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)大,要(yao)把蛋糕(gao)分好,促進(jin)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)正義(yi)。2015年(nian)(nian)(nian),黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)八屆五中全(quan)(quan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)指出,共享(xiang)發展注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)解決社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)正義(yi)問(wen)題。
2.從共同富裕目標到共享(xiang)發(fa)展理念
根(gen)據社(she)會主義初(chu)級(ji)階(jie)段的(de)(de)基本國(guo)情和(he)部(bu)分地區和(he)部(bu)分人(ren)先富(fu)起來(lai)的(de)(de)現實,根(gen)據鄧小平同(tong)志關(guan)于共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)裕目標和(he)實現路徑的(de)(de)討論,中國(guo)開(kai)始了先富(fu)后富(fu)的(de)(de)進程(cheng)。總體(ti)變(bian)化(hua)是(shi)在繼承(cheng)共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)裕理念(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi),提出共(gong)享發(fa)展理念(nian)(nian)。
共同(tong)(tong)(tong)繁(fan)榮(rong)是(shi)指(zhi)每個人的(de)(de)繁(fan)榮(rong)。共同(tong)(tong)(tong)繁(fan)榮(rong)是(shi)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de),是(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)特征和(he)最終目(mu)標,是(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)優勢(shi)的(de)(de)集(ji)中表(biao)現(xian)。根據(ju)馬克思(si)(si)關于生(sheng)產目(mu)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)理論,生(sheng)產將(jiang)是(shi)為了所有人的(de)(de)繁(fan)榮(rong)。[9]根據(ju)馬克思(si)(si)和(he)恩格(ge)斯的(de)(de)想(xiang)法(fa),共同(tong)(tong)(tong)繁(fan)榮(rong)將(jiang)徹底消除階級、城鄉(xiang)、腦力勞動和(he)體力勞動之間(jian)的(de)(de)對(dui)立和(he)差異。鄧(deng)小(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)同(tong)(tong)(tong)志(zhi)指(zhi)出:社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)最大(da)的(de)(de)優勢(shi)是(shi)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)繁(fan)榮(rong),這是(shi)反映社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)本(ben)(ben)質的(de)(de)東西。江澤民同(tong)(tong)(tong)志(zhi)強調:實(shi)現(xian)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)繁(fan)榮(rong)是(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)原(yuan)則(ze)和(he)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)特征,永(yong)不動搖(yao)。根據(ju)鄧(deng)小(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)同(tong)(tong)(tong)志(zhi)的(de)(de)想(xiang)法(fa),共同(tong)(tong)(tong)繁(fan)榮(rong)的(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)路徑是(shi)允許和(he)鼓(gu)勵一(yi)(yi)些地區、企業和(he)一(yi)(yi)些人先依靠努(nu)力工作致富(fu),對(dui)大(da)多數人產生(sheng)強烈(lie)的(de)(de)吸引(yin)和(he)鼓(gu)勵作用,并推動越(yue)來越(yue)多的(de)(de)人一(yi)(yi)波(bo)又一(yi)(yi)波(bo)地致富(fu)。
共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)指所(suo)有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)受他們共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)創(chuang)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)成(cheng)果(guo)(guo)。恩格斯在《共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產主義(yi)(yi)(yi)原則(ze)》中指出,廢(fei)除(chu)私有(you)(you)制將結束犧牲一(yi)(yi)些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益(yi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)滿足另一(yi)(yi)些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu),使每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)可以共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)受每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)創(chuang)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益(yi)。[10]共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵包(bao)括四(si)個(ge)方面:主體(ti)(ti)、對(dui)(dui)象、實(shi)現(xian)(xian)路(lu)徑和(he)(he)(he)(he)推廣過程(cheng)。從(cong)主體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)看,共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)全民(min)(min)(min)(min)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min),也是(shi)(shi)所(suo)有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)是(shi)(shi)促(cu)進(jin)社(she)會(hui)歷史發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量,發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)力(li)量和(he)(he)(he)(he)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)應該是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是(shi)(shi)每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)有(you)(you)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,在地(di)區和(he)(he)(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群中都(dou)是(shi)(shi)不可或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。從(cong)對(dui)(dui)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)看,共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)象是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)(guo)。宏觀上(shang)(shang),它包(bao)括國民(min)(min)(min)(min)經濟、政治(zhi)、文化(hua)、社(she)會(hui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)生態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)成(cheng)果(guo)(guo),以及(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)在各個(ge)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合法權(quan)益(yi)。微觀上(shang)(shang),包(bao)括每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)生活和(he)(he)(he)(he)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)所(suo)需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據(ju),以及(ji)所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)權(quan)利和(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道路(lu)。[111]。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)設(she)和(he)(he)(he)(he)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)設(she)和(he)(he)(he)(he)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)統一(yi)(yi)于共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐。從(cong)宏觀上(shang)(shang)看,共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)是(shi)(shi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提和(he)(he)(he)(he)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)路(lu)徑,共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)也是(shi)(shi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng);共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)果(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保證。未來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)社(she)會(hui)將有(you)(you)計劃地(di)利用(yong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大生產力(li),在每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)必須工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下,生活數據(ju)、享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)受數據(ju)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)表(biao)達所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)力(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)智(zhi)力(li)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)將被同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等和(he)(he)(he)(he)更充分地(di)交(jiao)給所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)成(cheng)員。[13]在微觀上(shang)(shang),共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)設(she)反映(ying)(ying)了(le)每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)參與經濟和(he)(he)(he)(he)社(she)會(hui)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)(yi)(yi)務,共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)反映(ying)(ying)了(le)每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)分享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)經濟和(he)(he)(he)(he)社(she)會(hui)建(jian)(jian)設(she)成(cheng)果(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利,即每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)參與共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)分享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)成(cheng)果(guo)(guo)。從(cong)推廣過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)看,共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)漸進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)念(nian)反映(ying)(ying)了(le)逐步實(shi)現(xian)(xian)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)繁榮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。根據(ju)馬克思和(he)(he)(he)(he)恩格斯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)念(nian),共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產主義(yi)(yi)(yi)社(she)會(hui)將完全消除(chu)階(jie)級(ji)、城鄉、腦力(li)勞動和(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)力(li)勞動
討(tao)論危(wei)機公(gong)關包括(kuo)哪(na)些內容(rong),并舉例說明(ming)危(wei)機處(chu)理原則(ze) 危(wei)機公(gong)關內容(rong):
1.問題管(guan)理(li) \b\u0005 。
危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)公(gong)關(guan)(guan)策劃書(shu)怎(zen)么(me)寫?\b? 大家都知道 \b,公(gong)共(gong)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處(chu)理(li)有(you)兩個主要方面:一是(shi)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)和預(yu)(yu)防(fang)危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)\u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006。一旦發(fa)生第(di)二次(ci)危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji), 發(fa)生第(di)二次(ci)危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)\b\u0005 ,采取有(you)效措施緩解(jie)危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),避免重大損(sun)失\b\u0005 。廣(guang)義上說 \b,危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)公(gong)共(gong)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)是(shi)指從(cong)公(gong)共(gong)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)角(jiao)度預(yu)(yu)防(fang) \b,控制(zhi)和處(chu)理(li)危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) \b\u0005 。本文并(bing)沒有(you)試圖全面解(jie)決(jue)危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)公(gong)共(gong)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)各(ge)個方面\u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006,只討(tao)論危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)后的(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)關(guan)(guan)系(xi) \b\u0005 。本文試圖通過分析具體案例來解(jie)釋(shi)危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)公(gong)關(guan)(guan)規劃的(de)(de)基本思想 \u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006。
危機公(gong)共關系(xi)計劃的(de)(de)基本(ben)思想主要分(fen)為兩部分(fen):一(yi)個明確的(de)(de)問(wen)題 \b\u0005 ,包括問(wen)題的(de)(de)表示 \b\u0005 ,解(jie)釋和分(fen)析;第(di)二第(di)二個問(wen)題的(de)(de)方法 \b,即如何圍繞問(wen)題規劃 \u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006,提出從根本(ben)上解(jie)決問(wen)題的(de)(de)有效對策 \b\u0005 。
I.明確的問(wen)題
一(yi)(yi)旦發(fa)生(sheng)危(wei)機(ji), \b\u0005 ,所謂的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)來了 \b。這(zhe)兩種情況下會(hui)出現(xian)(xian)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)\b\u0005 。首(shou)先 \b\u0005 環境直(zhi)(zhi)接向組織(zhi)提出問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)\b\u0005 比如案(an)例(li)一(yi)(yi)(霞(xia)飛被(bei)曝光(guang)) \b\u0005 。其次(ci) \b,因為存在問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti) \b,一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)情況會(hui)發(fa)生(sheng) \b\u0005 有(you)必要從危(wei)機(ji)中發(fa)現(xian)(xian)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)\u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006,例(li)如案(an)例(li)2(大(da)亞(ya)灣不是(shi)切爾諾貝利) \b。無論如何(he) \b,問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)通常不是(shi)危(wei)機(ji)本(ben)(ben)身(shen)(shen)\b。危(wei)機(ji)事件(jian)是(shi)各種信息交織(zhi)的(de)(de)綜合表現(xian)(xian) \b\u0005 。這(zhe)只是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種現(xian)(xian)象\b\u0005 ,不能(neng)告(gao)訴你問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)是(shi)什么 \b\u0005 。問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)明確定(ding)(ding)義(yi)是(shi)人腦處理(li)危(wei)機(ji)事件(jian)中的(de)(de)信息 \b\u0005 。面對同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)事件(jian) \b,不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)人會(hui)有(you)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)理(li)解(jie) \u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006,發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)不一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)\b\u0005 。“問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)”需(xu)要深入理(li)解(jie)和(he)明確表達 \b\u0005 。案(an)例(li)1和(he)案(an)例(li)2的(de)(de)事實(shi)告(gao)訴我們(men) \b\u0005 ,澄清(qing)危(wei)機(ji)本(ben)(ben)身(shen)(shen)并不簡單(dan)\b\u0005 ,直(zhi)(zhi)接和(he)簡單(dan)的(de)(de)過(guo)程 \b,這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)復雜而不安的(de)(de)信息處理(li)過(guo)程 \b\u0005 。此外 \u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006,問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti) 只能(neng)解(jie)決\b\u0005 ,我們(men)可以確保有(you)針(zhen)對性地解(jie)決問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti) \b\u0005 ,否則將達到1000英里(li) \b。
上海優秀公(gong)關策劃(hua) 公(gong)司最(zui)擔心的是(shi)危機公(gong)關事(shi)件 \b。
版權聲明:本文由無限(xian)公(gong)(gong)關(guan)輿情(qing)處理收集整(zheng)編 \u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006,都(dou)不(bu)代(dai)表任何(he)觀點 \b,無限(xian)公(gong)(gong)關(guan)輿論是一家專注(zhu)于用法律解決客戶(hu)輿論問題的公(gong)(gong)司 \u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006,主要服務范圍:危機公(gong)(gong)關(guan)、輿情(qing)監控(kong)、輿情(qing)監控(kong)、網絡名(ming)譽權保護等\u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006,引導行(xing)業正規化發展 \b\u0005 。\u0006\u0005\u0006 \u0006\u0005\u0006 \b\u0005 \b \b\u0005
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