松下(xia)的(de)(de)優秀員工不僅感到滿意(yi),而且(qie)被松下(xia)的(de)(de)真誠所感動(dong)。正是因為(wei)這(zhe)個(ge)原因,松下(xia)的(de)(de)員工流失率非常小。松下(xia)的(de)(de)員工也可以說是世界(jie)上最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)員工之一。
專(zhuan)家點(dian)評:注(zhu)意動(dong)態薪酬對員工的吸引力
一(yi)般(ban)來說,員工的工資包括以下幾個方面:
一、基本工(gong)資
基(ji)本工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)主(zhu)要由基(ji)本工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)、服(fu)務(wu)年限、技能工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)和崗(gang)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)組成(cheng),也(ye)稱為標準工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)或基(ji)本工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi),是固定收入。有些企業實施績效工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi),也(ye)稱為浮動工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi),是根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)作結(jie)果支付的工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)。根據員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的勞動熟練程度、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作復雜性(xing)、管(guan)理(li)責任規模和勞動強度計(ji)算(suan)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)。它(ta)是員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)的主(zhu)要部分,也(ye)是計(ji)算(suan)其(qi)他工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)的基(ji)礎。
二、獎勵工資(zi)
獎勵(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi),又稱高效工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)、激勵(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)和獎勵(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)。這部分工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)是(shi)為員工(gong)(gong)(gong)超額(e)完(wan)成任務或取得優異工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)成績而支付的額(e)外(wai)報酬。目的是(shi)鼓勵(li)他(ta)們繼(ji)續保持良好(hao)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)勢(shi)頭。獎金可根(gen)據(ju)個人工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)績效或部門和企業效益進(jin)行評估。
有兩種工資(zi),即短期(qi)獎(jiang)勵和(he)長期(qi)獎(jiang)勵。
短期(qi)獎勵(li)與員(yuan)工(gong)個人或其部門、團體(ti)在短時間內(nei)明確的(de)績(ji)效(xiao)目標有關(guan);長期(qi)獎勵(li)更注重(zhong)長期(qi)績(ji)效(xiao)水平(ping)。這兩種獎勵(li)都是根據員(yuan)工(gong)超額(e)完成任務和(he)優異的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)成績(ji)計算的(de)。其作(zuo)用是鼓勵(li)員(yuan)工(gong)提高工(gong)作(zuo)效(xiao)率和(he)質(zhi)量。
三、附加工資
附加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資,又稱津(jin)(jin)貼(tie)或(huo)崗位津(jin)(jin)貼(tie),是指員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在困難(nan)或(huo)特殊條件(jian)下(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,企業補償其(qi)額(e)外的勞(lao)動(dong)力和(he)額(e)外的生活費用。根據不同的實施目的,可(ke)分為三種類型:區域津(jin)(jin)貼(tie)、生活津(jin)(jin)貼(tie)和(he)勞(lao)動(dong)津(jin)(jin)貼(tie)。它有助于吸引員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在痛苦、危險和(he)疲(pi)憊的環(huan)境(jing)中工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。
四、福(fu)利工資
福利(li)工(gong)資不直接支付給員工(gong)本(ben)人,有一(yi)定的(de)公(gong)益報酬(chou)。主要有社(she)會(hui)保(bao)險福利(li)和用人單(dan)位(wei)集體福利(li)兩類(lei)。
社會(hui)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)福利由政府統(tong)一管理,以保(bao)(bao)護員工的合法權(quan)利。主要包括社會(hui)養老(lao)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)、社會(hui)失(shi)業保(bao)(bao)險(xian)、社會(hui)醫療保(bao)(bao)險(xian)和(he)工傷保(bao)(bao)險(xian)。
用(yong)人單位的集(ji)體福利是用(yong)人單位為吸引員工(gong)(gong)或(huo)穩定員工(gong)(gong)而(er)采取的福利措施。如工(gong)(gong)作餐、工(gong)(gong)作服、帶薪休假、體檢、住房(fang)等。
傳(chuan)統的(de)薪酬基礎通(tong)常主要(yao)是在職位、教育、工(gong)作經驗(yan)和面試(shi)中的(de)討論。現在一些企業也在采(cai)用績效工(gong)資(zi)(zi),但由(you)于評價體系不完善,導(dao)致績效工(gong)資(zi)(zi)偏離初衷,績效工(gong)資(zi)(zi)要(yao)么成(cheng)為(wei)扣除(chu)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)的(de)原因,要(yao)么變相獎(jiang)金,要(yao)么成(cheng)為(wei)固定工(gong)資(zi)(zi)的(de)一部分,大大削(xue)弱(ruo)了工(gong)資(zi)(zi)的(de)激勵作用,因此(ci)實施(shi)動態工(gong)資(zi)(zi)制度尤為(wei)重要(yao)。
動態(tai)薪(xin)(xin)酬是根據企(qi)業(ye)內外的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)力(li)價(jia)格水(shui)平和(he)(he)員工的(de)(de)(de)職位、能(neng)(neng)力(li)、績效和(he)(he)長(chang)期(qi)發展潛力(li)建(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)一種新的(de)(de)(de)薪(xin)(xin)酬體系。它不僅關(guan)注企(qi)業(ye)薪(xin)(xin)酬水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)外部競(jing)爭力(li),而且關(guan)注內部薪(xin)(xin)酬的(de)(de)(de)合理性和(he)(he)激勵;不僅關(guan)注薪(xin)(xin)酬對(dui)績效的(de)(de)(de)牽(qian)引(yin)還(huan)關(guan)注薪(xin)(xin)酬對(dui)員工能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)牽(qian)引(yin)力(li)。
此外,商業環境(jing)的(de)變化和員工(gong)工(gong)資(zi)成本(ben)的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)使(shi)管理(li)者更加(jia)認真和批判地(di)看待他們提供的(de)工(gong)資(zi)類型、提供工(gong)資(zi)的(de)方式以(yi)及(ji)如何更好地(di)留(liu)住(zhu)優(you)秀的(de)員工(gong)。那些做不到這一點的(de)公(gong)司很難(nan)長期(qi)保持(chi)競爭優(you)勢。
不同(tong)的(de)公司在采用什(shen)么樣的(de)薪酬(chou)制度(du)(制度(du)也是一個結構(gou)性問題)方(fang)面(mian)存在許(xu)多(duo)差異,但基本上可以分(fen)為兩(liang)類,即固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)分(fen)和動態(tai)部(bu)分(fen)。在實崗位工資(zi)制度(du)的(de)企業中(zhong),根據崗位等(deng)(deng)級確定(ding)的(de)崗位工資(zi)屬于動態(tai)部(bu)分(fen)。兩(liang)者共同(tong)構(gou)成了影響和激勵員工的(de)因素。當然,還(huan)有其他(ta)因素包括:津(jin)貼、保險、住房津(jin)貼、教(jiao)育培訓、其他(ta)福利等(deng)(deng)。
薪酬結構(gou)設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)最終目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)使(shi)員工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)薪酬與他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻(xian)成正比(bi),而(er)這(zhe)(zhe)種變(bian)化(hua)是(shi)(shi)動態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de),而(er)不是(shi)(shi)長(chang)時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)周期。動態(tai)薪酬結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值主要體現在兩個方面(mian)(mian):一(yi)是(shi)(shi)通過崗位績(ji)效考核,對崗位之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晉升或降級(ji)進(jin)行(xing)定量的(de)(de)(de)(de)考核數(shu)據,增加公(gong)平性,將員工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量集中(zhong)在努力(li)工(gong)作(zuo)和(he)提高(gao)工(gong)作(zuo)績(ji)效上(shang),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個本質的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉變(bian)。二(er)是(shi)(shi)同(tong)級(ji)崗位采用無級(ji)系數(shu)考核法,使(shi)動態(tai)績(ji)效工(gong)資隨著工(gong)作(zuo)績(ji)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量而(er)變(bian)化(hua)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣,同(tong)級(ji)崗位的(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)薪酬很容(rong)易(yi)拉開距離甚至超過上(shang)級(ji),避(bi)免同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)負面(mian)(mian)情況(kuang)。
要建立動態(tai)(tai)薪酬(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)結(jie)構,首先要組(zu)織(zhi)員(yuan)工(gong)內(nei)部薪酬(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)滿意度調(diao)查,調(diao)查外部薪酬(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水平(ping),了解行業內(nei)的薪酬(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)水平(ping)。并進行詳細的工(gong)作(zuo)分析和(he)(he)評(ping)估(gu),制定(ding)(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)說明(ming)書(shu),為績(ji)效評(ping)估(gu)奠定(ding)(ding)基礎。此外,企(qi)業應建立績(ji)效評(ping)價(jia)體系,根據(ju)不同職(zhi)級(ji)和(he)(he)職(zhi)能部門實施月度評(ping)價(jia)和(he)(he)年(nian)度評(ping)價(jia),根據(ju)月度評(ping)價(jia)結(jie)果,動態(tai)(tai)反映月薪,使(shi)員(yuan)工(gong)通(tong)過動態(tai)(tai)薪酬(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)自我評(ping)價(jia)月度工(gong)作(zuo)績(ji)效和(he)(he)績(ji)效,不斷調(diao)整(zheng),使(shi)其心態(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)行為有利于公司(si)的積(ji)極方向。根據(ju)年(nian)度績(ji)效考(kao)核結(jie)果,決(jue)定(ding)(ding)是否(fou)通(tong)過晉(jin)升來滿足激勵和(he)(he)組(zu)織(zhi)發(fa)展的需要。
可(ke)以(yi)說,動態薪(xin)酬(chou)結構是(shi)一(yi)種高效(xiao)激勵的(de)薪(xin)酬(chou)模式,對充分發(fa)揮員(yuan)工積極性和組織效(xiao)果(guo)非常有效(xiao)。松下(xia)電器(qi)公司正在調解其他日本企業的(de)理解和框架,積極實施這(zhe)一(yi)制度(du),為松下(xia)留(liu)住了大量優(you)秀人(ren)才。正是(shi)這(zhe)些人(ren)才把松下(xia)推(tui)向(xiang)了日本最前沿的(de)企業,把松下(xia)推(tui)向(xiang)了世界(jie)舞臺。
殼牌:為員(yuan)工提(ti)供豐厚的福利
公司標志:
作為游(you)戲(xi)愛好者,嘗試過(guo)(guo)不少于100款單機手(shou)機游(you)戲(xi)和網(wang)絡手(shou)機游(you)戲(xi)(大(da)部(bu)分都(dou)是(shi)角色游(you)戲(xi))。在試用過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong),發現除了(le)劇(ju)情和畫面(mian)的(de)差(cha)異,大(da)部(bu)分網(wang)絡手(shou)機游(you)戲(xi)在操作、互動等其(qi)他方面(mian)都(dou)是(shi)一樣的(de)。角色網(wang)絡手(shou)機游(you)戲(xi)(如(ru): ...
作(zuo)為游(you)戲(xi)愛(ai)好者,嘗試(shi)過不少于100款(kuan)單機(ji)手(shou)機(ji)游(you)戲(xi)和網絡手(shou)機(ji)游(you)戲(xi)(大部分(fen)(fen)都是角(jiao)色游(you)戲(xi))。在(zai)試(shi)用過程中(zhong),發現(xian)除了劇情和畫面的差異,大部分(fen)(fen)網絡手(shou)機(ji)游(you)戲(xi)在(zai)操作(zuo)、互(hu)動等其他方面都是一樣的。
角色類網絡(luo)手游(you)(you)(you)(如(ru)(ru):夢幻石(shi)器ol、永恒之歌、戰(zhan)(zhan)神之眼(yan)、葫(hu)蘆娃等(deng)(deng)。)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)問題是:在(zai)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),與用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)較少(shao),甚至沒有(you)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)。例如(ru)(ru),當玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)點(dian)擊(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)按(an)鈕時,游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)角色進入(ru)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)狀(zhuang)態,所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)都由角色自動(dong)(dong)完成(cheng)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)來(lai)說(shuo),他(ta)們只能(neng)看他(ta)們選擇的(de)(de)(de)游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)角色來(lai)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou),等(deng)(deng)待(dai)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)敗(bai)(bai)。經過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)時間(jian)后(hou)(hou),這種游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)體驗不(bu)(bu)能(neng)再提(ti)(ti)高用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)興趣,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)保(bao)持(chi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)粘(zhan)性(xing)。分析如(ru)(ru)下:1。玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)剛剛開始(shi)接觸游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi),可(ke)(ke)以玩(wan)幾天(tian)(可(ke)(ke)能(neng)只持(chi)續幾個小時,甚至幾分鐘),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)對(dui)(dui)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)和(he)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注被削(xue)弱。一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)時間(jian)后(hou)(hou),玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)對(dui)(dui)情(qing)節(jie)和(he)圖片感(gan)(gan)(gan)到(dao)疲(pi)勞,這大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低(di)了(le)他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)引力,玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)開始(shi)關(guan)注操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)和(he)互(hu)動(dong)(dong),進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步尋找刺(ci)(ci)激點(dian)。三、。在(zai)角色網絡(luo)中(zhong),手機(ji)游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)由于(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)度很(hen)小,給(gei)玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種觀看他(ta)人戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)結果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue),雖(sui)然(ran)玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)沒有(you)參與其他(ta)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)結果(guo),但玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)開始(shi)關(guan)注操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)和(he)互(hu)動(dong)(dong),進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步尋找刺(ci)(ci)激點(dian)。成(cheng)功(gong)和(he)失(shi)敗(bai)(bai)有(you)多大(da)(da)意義,能(neng)激發玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)多少(shao)成(cheng)就感(gan)(gan)(gan)或挫折感(gan)(gan)(gan)?一(yi)(yi)(yi)款手機(ji)游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦失(shi)去了(le)對(dui)(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)(gan)官和(he)心(xin)理刺(ci)(ci)激,那(nei)么(me)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)忠誠度就會(hui)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低(di),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)是不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)避免的(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)。如(ru)(ru)何提(ti)(ti)高游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)玩(wan)性(xing)和(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)粘(zhan)性(xing)?根據試用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)經驗,個人簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力,從(cong)游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)細節(jie)中(zhong)談論自己的(de)(de)(de)方式。(1)新(xin)玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),高級設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)免費贈送,即:在(zai)設(she)備上升(sheng)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)水平(ping)后(hou)(hou)。利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)好奇(qi)心(xin)和(he)占有(you)心(xin)理,形成(cheng)持(chi)續的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理刺(ci)(ci)激。(2)在(zai)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)必須(xu)與游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)角色有(you)持(chi)續的(de)(de)(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)行為(wei),即:在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),有(you)持(chi)續的(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)輸入(ru)。(3)在(zai)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),添加(jia)支持(chi)角色,穿高級設(she)備(設(she)備,至少(shao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些設(she)備必須(xu)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)幾天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)努力獲(huo)得)來(lai)幫助用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)。讓玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)看到(dao)新(xin)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)力量,提(ti)(ti)高玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)對(dui)(dui)新(xin)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)渴(ke)望。(4)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)水平(ping)上,提(ti)(ti)高裝(zhuang)備的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格限(xian)制(zhi)(1元(yuan)),簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)數字限(xian)制(zhi),包(bao)裝(zhuang)備等(deng)(deng))。(1元(yuan),不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格限(xian)制(zhi),即:不(bu)(bu)同(tong)水平(ping)),不(bu)(bu)同(tong)水平(ping))。對(dui)(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)就感(gan)(gan)(gan)是有(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)。有(you)多少(shao)男(nan)性(xing)玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)能(neng)夠抵御將軍的(de)(de)(de)誘惑?(6)高級設(she)備不(bu)(bu)僅可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金錢購買(mai),還可(ke)(ke)以增加(jia)更多的(de)(de)(de)獲(huo)取渠(qu)道;給(gei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)真正的(de)(de)(de)希望也是持(chi)續心(xin)理刺(ci)(ci)激的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要途徑(jing)。游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)本質(zhi)是讓玩(wan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)在(zai)可(ke)(ke)接受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)范圍內盡情(qing)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)。設(she)計也應遵循不(bu)(bu)要讓我等(deng)(deng)待(dai)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)則。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)款手機(ji)游(you)(you)(you)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)讓用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)在(zai)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)等(deng)(deng)待(dai)時間(jian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)長,其用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)粘(zhan)性(xing)需要討論。/遺風月(簡(jian)書(shu)作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe))原(yuan)(yuan)文鏈(lian)接:作(zuo)(zuo)權歸作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)所(suo)有(you),轉載(zai)請(qing)聯系作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)獲(huo)得授(shou)權,并標注簡(jian)書(shu)作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)。
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